Computer Hardware And Networking

Nowadays, we live in a world of computers in which the idea of networking has become more and more popular among users. This is an important reason why more users want to find out more about computer hardware and networking. The concept of networking refers to the idea of linking two or even more than two computers which the specific purpose of different users sharing data.

A very important aspect that has to be mentioned when talking about computer hardware and networking is the fact that any network is built by using a combination of hardware and software. An important way in which networks can be classified is by analyzing the area in which the network coverage sans. From this point of view there are two main types known by the most users: the local area network (LAN) and the wide area type of network (WAN). The first type is known to reach across one home, while the second type, the wide area type of network reaches even across several cities or across the world, in the case of the more improved ones.

Another important category in which networks can be divided is the one related to their design. In this respect, there are also two basic types: client-server and peel to peel. The first type is more often encountered in business, while the second one is more often encountered in personal homes. When categorizing networks by taking in account the way in which data flows and the structure of the networks, we can talk about bus networks and star networks. The first type includes the computers that usually communicate and share data by following the same conduit. In the case of star networks, the data usually flows through a certain type of centralized device.

Another important aspect related to computer hardware and networking is the protocol and that is the language used by computers to communicate between them. Very familiar types of protocol among users are TCP and IP, which are usually found on the internet and on the home established networks. These two types of protocols can be used with both wired and wireless networks. The wireless technology has become more familiar among users, and the newer networks are usually established in this way.

Wireless networking is very important in relation with computer hardware and networking nowadays, this is because almost everyone wants to have access to the latest technology in computers these days, and the wireless networking is part of the latest technology. This type of network can be established by using fiber optic types of cables between different network devices. When comparing a wireless network with a wired one there are both advantages and disadvantages that have to be taken in account for both types. One of the main advantages offered wireless technology in computer hardware and networking is the fact that assures the elimination of all the unnecessary cables used within wired networks. One of the main disadvantages related to this type of network is the possibility to encounter radio interference due to other types of devices or even due to weather. The wireless technology keeps on improving every day and it has become more and more familiar among users nowadays.

An important hardware technology that is used to network computers inside homes, and buildings such as schools and offices, by using cables and adapters is the Ethernet. Among the many standard cables that can be used with this technology very common are CAT 5 and CAT 6cables. CAT 5 is a standard type of cable used with computer networks and is much appreciated because it supports high-speed type of networking. There are two categories of CAT 5 cables, one with solid type of wires and one with stranded types of wires.

Another important term related to computer hardware and networking is the term route. Routers are known as physical types of devices used to connect networks together. This device can be used with both wired and wireless types of networks. Routing table is another important term which is used to represent a piece of storage in which it is maintained configuration type of information. Some types of routers allow the networker to use a Web browser type of interface so as to update the routing table.

A broadband router refers to the type of routers that are able to combine features form the traditional type of networks with a DHCP type of server. These types of routers are appropriate for home networks, but especially for those who have DSL type of internet service. A broadband router is known to support all sorts of sharing including files sharing, internet sharing and even LAN type of home gaming. As the wireless technology is improving every day, nowadays we can find wireless types of routers which are able to support broadband types of internet access as the wired ones.

When discussing about computer hardware and networking it is also important for the users to know that there are many ways in which they can protect their computers from being damaged by receiving files from unauthorized devices that might connect to their computer network. One possibility that the users have to overcome this risk is by using a network firewall. A network firewall is either a hardware device, or a software program or maybe both. These types of devices are very important to be used by those users who want to protect their computers from unauthorized access from outside their network, access that might cause several damages to the user's computer.

Nowadays, everyone is interested in finding out as much information as possible related to the latest technology in almost every domain. In what concerns the computers the latest technology has become more familiar among users. This is because everyone uses a computer these days and needs to be aware of every new accessory that can help him or her to work easily with the computer or to do something that they were not able to do in the past. Among the many aspects concerning the latest technology a very important one is that relates to computer hardware and networking, as even in this field wireless technology has become available.

Successful Networking: 8 Expert Tips

Networking is a crucial tool in the development of business and social relationships. Knowing how to network effectively can lead to success in both areas. Experts have provided eight helpful tips on how to network productively.

The first hint on successful networking involves getting out there. Whether its attending a party, going to a business event, or joining an organization, the first step in networking is getting involved. You cannot expect to make and develop relationships without making yourself accessible to others. People need to meet you and feel comfortable in order for networking to be a success. For this reason you should try to involve yourself in as many activities as your schedule allows.

Meeting new people and attending social functions is not enough. You need to arrive prepared. This means you need to do research on what events will be beneficial to you. Once you decide which gatherings to be a part of you should do some fact finding on the organization or people that will be there. By knowing what to expect, and by being knowledgeable about potential contacts you will stand out from the rest.

Thirdly, never leave home without your business cards. Make sure your cards include your name, address, important phone numbers and an email address. They should also include a business logo and slogan or tagline. You should give out your business cards generously, even two at a time. The more cards you have circulating at any given time the more helpful they will be. Handing out your business cards is vital but it is equally important to collect them from others. The proper business card etiquette is that whenever you give out a card, you should always ask for one in return. When you are given the business card do not stick in your pocket or in your handbag. You should take a few seconds to look it over to show your interest. You should keep a pen available to jot notes on the back of business cards that are given to you. These notes should include something that will make you remember the person, or anything you committed to do for them.

Next, you should have an effective 15 to 30 second pitch ready. You should be prepared to introduce yourself and make your contact aware of what you can do for them in 30 seconds or less, because that may be all the time you have. You should be passionate, energetic and personable. Have a few introductions prepared that way you can use the appropriate one for any given situation.

The next expert tip emphasizes that you should not try to sell during your networking attempt. Networking is about meeting new people, making contacts, and building relationships, not sales pitches.
Also, while you are at a networking event and meet new people, it is important to ask your new connections about themselves or their businesses. By asking questions you’ll be better able to determine what you can offer them. In addition, people generally enjoy talking about themselves, so being inquisitive will often make you look friendly and interested.

The sixth expert tip is to be a problem solver. When you approach a new person tell them how you can be of help to them now o in the future. Cutting to the chase is usually more appealing.
Also, when networking, you should be assertive. This means go up to people and introduce yourself; don’t wait for them to approach you. Try not to spend too much time talking to people you already know. While this might be more comfortable it is not an effective way to make new connections.

Computer networking device

A full list of Computer networking devices are units that mediate data in a computer network. Computer networking devices are also called network equipment, Intermediate Systems (IS) or InterWorking Unit (IWU). Units which are the last receiver or generate data are called hosts or data terminal equipment.

List of computer networking devices

Common basic networking devices:

Gateway: device sitting at a network node for interfacing with another network that uses different protocols. Works on OSI layers 4 to 7.

Router: a specialized network device that determines the next network point to which to forward a data packet toward its destination. Unlike a gateway, it cannot interface different protocols. Works on OSI layer 3.

Bridge: a device that connects multiple network segments along the data link layer. Works on OSI layer 2.

Switch: a device that allocates traffic from one network segment to certain lines (intended destination(s)) which connect the segment to another network segment. So unlike a hub a switch splits the network traffic and sends it to different destinations rather than to all systems on the network. Works on OSI layer 2.

Hub: connects multiple Ethernet segments together making them act as a single segment. When using a hub, every attached device shares the same broadcast domain and the same collision domain. Therefore, only one computer connected to the hub is able to transmit at a time. Depending on the network topology, the hub provides a basic level 1 OSI model connection among the network objects (workstations, servers, etc). It provides bandwidth which is shared among all the objects, compared to switches, which provide a dedicated connection between individual nodes. Works on OSI layer 1.

Repeater: device to amplify or regenerate digital signals received while setting them from one part of a network into another. Works on OSI layer 1.
Some hybrid network devices:

Multilayer Switch: a switch which, in addition to switching on OSI layer 2, provides functionality at higher protocol layers.

Protocol Converter: a hardware device that converts between two different types of transmissions, such as asynchronous and synchronous transmissions.
Bridge Router(Brouter): Combine router and bridge functionality and are therefore working on OSI layers 2 and 3.

Digital media receiver: Connects a computer network to a home theatre
Hardware or software components that typically sit on the connection point of different networks, e.g. between an internal network and an external network:

Proxy: computer network service which allows clients to make indirect network connections to other network services

Firewall: a piece of hardware or software put on the network to prevent some communications forbidden by the network policy

Network Address Translator: network service provide as hardware or software that converts internal to external network addresses and vice versa
Other hardware for establishing networks or dial-up connections:

Multiplexer: device that combines several electrical signals into a single signal

Network Card: a piece of computer hardware to allow the attached computer to communicate by network

Modem: device that modulates an analog "carrier" signal (such as sound), to encode digital information, and that also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information, as a computer communicating with another computer over the telephone network

ISDN terminal adapter (TA): a specialized gateway for ISDN

Line Driver: a device to increase transmission distance by amplifying the signal. Base-band networks only.

Network Device Connectivity

How to Increase Internet Connection Speed

Find out from your Internet Service Provider (ISP) what Internet connection speed your paying for. Make sure the speed your paying for is the speed programmed in their network.

Test your Internet connection speed. You can do this by going to one of these speed test websites: Speakeasy.net/speedtest or Speedtest.net. Record your results.

Compare the speeds from step one and step two. If your getting the speed your paying for go no further. If your not, go to the next step.

Disable web-browser Add-ons that can slow down your Internet connection speed. Check to see if you have multiple web browser Add-ons operating with your browser. For example, if your web browser is Internet explorer, go to Tools, select Manage Add-ons, and look at what Add-ons are enabled. Disable the ones you do not want to use.

Run anti-virus, adware, spyware, and malware scans. All of these, if found on your computer, could negatively affect your Internet connection speed.

Run Disk Cleanup and Disk Defragmenter from your System Tools menu.

Download TCP Optimizer software to optimize your computers MTU (Maximum Transmission Unit) values, RWIN (Receive Window) values, and broadband related registry keys. The most popular and FREE TCP Optimizer that I found is called "SG TCP Optimizer". You can download it at CNET: http://www.download.com/SG-TCP-Optimizer/3000-2155_4-10488572.html?tag=lst-1 or at PCWORLD: http://www.pcworld.com/downloads/file/fid,68524-order,1-page,1/description.html.

Retest your Internet connection speed by going to one of these speed test websites: Speakeasy.net/speedtest or Speedtest.net. Record and compare these results with the results obtained from steps one and two.

Disadvantages of Computer Networks

Following are some of the major disadvantages of computer networks.

Security Issues: One of the major drawbacks of computer networks is the security issues involved. If a computer is a standalone, physical access becomes necessary for any kind of data theft. However, if a computer is on a network, a computer hacker can get unauthorized access by using different tools. In case of big organizations, various network security softwares are used to prevent the theft of any confidential and classified data.

Rapid Spread of Computer Viruses: If any computer system in a network gets affected by computer virus, there is a possible threat of other systems getting affected too. Viruses get spread on a network easily because of the interconnectivity of workstations. Such spread can be dangerous if the computers have important database which can get corrupted by the virus.

Expensive Set Up: The initial set up cost of a computer network can be high depending on the number of computers to be connected. Costly devices like routers, switches, hubs, etc., can add up to the bills of a person trying to install a computer network. He will also have to buy NICs (Network Interface Cards) for each of the workstations, in case they are not inbuilt.

Dependency on the Main File Server: In case the main File Server of a computer network breaks down, the system becomes useless. In case of big networks, the File Server should be a powerful computer, which often makes it expensive.

Computer Networking Advantages

Following are some of the advantages of computer networks.

File Sharing: The major advantage of a computer network is that is allows file sharing and remote file access. A person sitting at one workstation of a network can easily see the files present on the other workstation, provided he is authorized to do so. It saves the time which is wasted in copying a file from one system to another, by using a storage device. In addition to that, many people can access or update the information stored in a database, making it up-to-date and accurate.

Resource Sharing: Resource sharing is also an important benefit of a computer network. For example, if there are four people in a family, each having their own computer, they will require four modems (for the Internet connection) and four printers, if they want to use the resources at the same time. A computer network, on the other hand, provides a cheaper alternative by the provision of resource sharing. In this way, all the four computers can be interconnected, using a network, and just one modem and printer can efficiently provide the services to all four members. The facility of shared folders can also be availed by family members.

Increased Storage Capacity: As there is more than one computer on a network which can easily share files, the issue of storage capacity gets resolved to a great extent. A standalone computer might fall short of storage memory, but when many computers are on a network, memory of different computers can be used in such case. One can also design a storage server on the network in order to have a huge storage capacity.

Increased Cost Efficiency: There are many softwares available in the market which are costly and take time for installation. Computer networks resolve this issue as the software can be stored or installed on a system or a server and can be used by the different workstations.

Local Area Networks (LAN)

A single building or campus of few kilometers in size, LAN acts as privately-owned networks. LANs are limited to a single building or group of buildings. By using telephone lines and radio waves, one LAN can be attached to other LANs over any distance. A system of multiple connections of LANs is called a wide-area network (WAN).

Most LANs are used to connect workstations and personal computers. In a LAN, each host means individual computer has its own CPU with which it runs programs but it also able to access data and devices anywhere on the LAN. This means that many users can share data information and expensive devices like laser printers. By sending e-mail or engaging in chat session users can also make use of LAN to interact with each other.

In today's world, Local Area Networks become fundamental part of communication. LAN applications are used in hospitals, educational facilities businesses, stock exchanges and warehouses. Local area network provides reader-friendly, comprehensive coverage of LAN technologies to be used in real-world applications.

LANs are typically identified by the following properties
1)Multiple systems connected to shared medium
2)High total bandwidth
3)Low delay
4)Low error rate
5)Broadcast/Multicast capability
6)Limited geography 1-2 km
7)Limited number of stations
8)Peer relationship between stations
9)Confined to private property

LANs are distinguished from other network by three characteristics:
1)Their size
2)Their transmission technology and
3)Their topology.

LANs are limited in size which means that the worst case transmission time is restricted and known in advance. Knowing this limitation makes it possible to make use of certain kinds of designs that would not otherwise be possible. It also simplifies network management.

LANs often make use of a transmission technology including of a single cable to which all the machines are connected like the telephone company party lines used in rural areas. Traditionally LANs operates at speeds of 10 to 100 Mbps with low delay and make very few errors. Newer LANs are working at speed of up to 100 megabits/sec.

Various topologies of LANs are:
1) Bus Topology:
In a bus or linear cable network, at any instant one machine is allowed to transmit data or information. All other machines are needed to desist from sending. When two or more machines want to transmit simultaneously an arbitration mechanism is used to resolve conflicts. The arbitration mechanism used may be centralized or distributed. IEEE 802.3 known as Ethernet is a bus dependent broadcast network with decentralized control working at 10 or 100Mbps. Computers on an Ethernet can deliver data whenever they want to if two or more packets collide with each other then each computer just wait a random amount of time and tries again later.

2) Ring Topology:
A second type of topology used in broadcast system is the ring topology. In a ring topology, each bit circulates around on its own not waiting for the remaining packet to which it belongs. Each bit circulates the entire ring in the time. It uses to deliver a few bits usually before the complete packet has been delivered. Like all other broadcast system, some limitation is required for arbitrating simultaneously accesses to the ring. IEEE 802.5 known as token ring is a popular ring based LAN working at 4 and 16 Mbps.

3) Star topology:
In Star topology all devices are attached to a central hub. To install and manage Star networks are relatively easy but bottlenecks can occur because all data must pass through the hub.

4) Tree topology:
A tree topology is a combination of linear bus and star topologies. It includes groups of star-configured workstations attached to a linear bus backbone cable.

Design considerations :

1) Cabling medium :
The most costless cable is Category 5 twisted-pair cable. This cable operates with standard Ethernet at a speed of 10 Million bits per second or 10 Mbps and "fast" Ethernet works at a speed 100 Mbps and is able to speeds up to 150 Mbps with existing technology. This cable is used in most LAN designs. Fiber-optic cable delivers more data but its materials and installation are much more expensive. In building proper installation of fiber-optic cable is very difficult to achieve because the cable should not be bent during installation.

2) Wiring plan
In the building the location of wiring cabinets/closets is based on distances between computers. The maximum distance should be 10 meters between a computer and a network wiring cabinet/closet. In refrigerator-sized cabinet, cables come together. Network transmission equipments are collected can be enclosed with doors and stand in a large room or it can be located as an open rack in a small room or closet. Wiring cabinets/closets can be attached with twisted-pair cable but fiber-optic cable provides higher speed.

3) Number of network connections (plug-in points) :
Every computer requires a network connection and each connection is consists of
(1) A plug-in point in the wall of the room
(2) Wiring from this point to the wiring cabinet/closet.
While deciding for network connections short and long term technology aims need to be considered

LAN Hardware
Ethernet and Token Ring are common types of LAN hardware. Ethernet is easily designed and consists of data transfer devices which are less expensive than similar Token Ring devices. Ethernet and Token Ring’s performance are same in most situations. While it is possible to connect Ethernet and Token Ring networks in the same location, it adds to cost and complexity. It is best to maintain the data communication infrastructure’s configuration as simple as possible. Asynchronous Transfer Mode is another standard for data communication. It is more expensive than Ethernet or Token Ring but offers higher speeds and will eventually offer better integration of computer-data, digitized voice (telephone), and video.